Survey of Lead Exposure Around a Closed Lead Smelter

Objective. To test the hypothesis that elevated lead in soil is positively correlated with blood lead (BPb) levels in children in an urban population surrounding a closed lead smelter, a US Environmental Protection Agency Superfund clean-up site was surveyed. Method. A total of 827 volunteers including 490 children under 6 years of age participated. A questionnaire was administered. Blood lead was determined as was lead content of samples of house dust, soil, paint, and water of the participants'homes. Results. The arithmetic mean venous BPb in 490 children between 6 and 72 months of age was 6.9 μg/dL (0.33 μmol/L) range 0.7 to 40.2 μg/dL (0.03 to 1.94 μmol/L). The BPb of 78 (16%) children in this group was ≥10 μg/dL (0.48 μmol/L). Based on multiple regression modeling, lead in house dust accounted for 18% of the variance in BPb. Lead in paint together with the condition of the house were the main contributors to the dust lead variance (26%) with soil lead accounting for an additional 6%. Lead in paint alone accounted for 3% of the BPb variance. Lead in Paint together with the condition of the house accounted for 12% of BPb variance, and lead in soil accounted for an additional 3%. Factors other than environmental lead such as education of parents, household income, and behavior were associated with BPb levels. Conclusions. The mean BPb in children was below the present level of concern of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Children with BPb of ≥10 μg/L (0.48 μmol/L) tended to live in poorly maintained older houses. Based on these findings lead in soil and paint in well-maintained homes contributed little to the lead exposure of children