Economics and cost analysis of waste biorefineries

Abstract Biorefineries and bio-based products are vital in reducing global emissions and decarbonizing our energy systems. A common hurdle in the commercialization of biorefineries is its economic viability. The economic hurdle starts from procuring biomass and its logistics, technology maturity, and policy support. The rate of commercialization of biorefineries is slow primarily due to the lack of policy support. Biorefineries have to compete with well-established petrochemical products. Policy support can drive innovation, help a technology to mature, create competitiveness to a market which intern could reduce the cost, thus making the economic viability of biorefineries a reality.