4-dimensional, multiphase, steady-state imaging with contrast enhancement (MUSIC) in the heart; a feasibility study in children

Background Conventional breath-held gadolinium-based contrastenhanced MR angiography (CE-MRA) provides excellent definition of extra-cardiac anatomy, but does not provide diagnostic image quality for intra-cardiac anatomy because it is not gated to ECG due to time constraints associated with breath-holding and the need to capture the first-pass of gadolinium. To address this issue, we propose a 4D non-breath-held multiphase steady-state imaging sequence (MUSIC) using ferumoxytol, which is an FDA approved iron-oxide particle for treating irondeficiency anemia, as an intravascular contrast agent and demonstrate its feasibility in children with congenital heart disease (CHD).