Biosensors for pathogens diagnosis

In medicine, food safety, public health and safety, pathogenic bacteria are necessary objectives for detection and identification. In low-income nations, for example Africa, where medical services and methods of diagnosis and care are inadequate, these forms of infectious are particularly troublesome. Additionally, in higher income nations, including the United States, where food-borne bacteria cause approx. 76 million illnesses, 300,000 hospitalizations and 5,000 deaths annually, Food-borne pathogens often pose a significant health risk. The causal agents of bacterial food and waterborne disease are Escherichia coli O157: H7, Salmonellae, Campylobacter jejuni and Listeria monocytogenes. The bacterial infections are frequently misdiagnosed or an unnecessary delay in diagnosis is despite antibiotic available. Current bacterial detection methods are based on laboratory techniques, such as cell cultivation, microscopic examination and biochemical research. The disadvantages of these techniques are wasting time, expensive equipment’s, and qualified employers. The PCR technique, which is extremely sensitive, allows bacteria to be identified on the basis of its genetic material and requires no bacterial cultivation. However, the PCRs need preselected genetic samples, false pairing can lead to false positives, and genetically modified strains may escape beside the long duration of the experiment. Portable stand-alone biosensors at the treatment point may allow fast detection and diagnosis. Furthermore, in developing countries, quick diagnosis of COVID-19 disease is difficult because of multiple clinical presentations and inadequate resources for health care. In particular, biosensors are helpful in the diagnosis of critical disease such as meningitis or prevent spreading of further diseases.