Assessing Karenia brevis red tide as a mortality factor of sea turtles in Florida, USA

: Data on Karenia brevis red tides (≥105 cells l-1) and on dead or debilitated (i.e. stranded) Kemp's ridleys Lepidochelys kempii, loggerheads Caretta caretta, green turtles Chelonia mydas, hawksbills Eretmochelys imbricata, and leatherbacks Dermochelys coriacea documented in Florida during 1986-2013 were evaluated to assess red tides as a sea turtle mortality factor. Unusually large numbers of stranded sea turtles were found coincident with red tides primarily along Florida's Gulf coast but also along a portion of Florida's Atlantic coast. These strandings were mainly adult and large immature loggerheads and Kemp's ridleys, and small immature green turtles and hawksbills. Unusually large numbers of stranded leatherbacks never coincided with red tide. For the 3 most common species, results of stranding data modeling, and of investigations that included determining brevetoxin concentrations in samples collected from stranded turtles, all indicated that red tides were associated with greater and more frequent increases in the numbers of stranded loggerheads and Kemp's ridleys than in the number of stranded green turtles. The mean annual number of stranded sea turtles attributed to K. brevis red tide was 80 (SE = 21.6, range = 2-338). Considering typical stranding probabilities, the overall mortality was probably 5-10 times greater. Red tide accounted for a substantial portion of all stranded loggerheads (7.1%) and Kemp's ridleys (17.7%), and a smaller portion of all stranded green turtles (1.6%). Even though K. brevis red tides occur naturally, the mortality they cause needs to be considered when managing these threatened and endangered species.