Detecting Sleep Using Heart Rate and Motion Data from Multisensor Consumer-Grade Wearables, Relative to Wrist Actigraphy and Polysomnography.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Multisensor wearable consumer devices allowing collection of multiple data sources, such as heart rate and motion, for the evaluation of sleep in the home environment, are increasingly ubiquitous. However, the validity of such devices for sleep assessment has not been directly compared to alternatives such as wrist actigraphy or PSG. METHODS: Eight participants each completed four nights in a sleep laboratory, equipped with polysomnography (PSG) and several wearable devices. RPSGT-scored PSG served as ground truth for sleep-wake state. Wearable devices providing sleep-wake classification data were compared to PSG at both an epoch-by-epoch and night level. Data from multisensor wearables (Apple Watch and Oura Ring) were compared to data available from ECG and a tri-axial wrist actigraph to evaluate quality and utility of heart rate and motion data. Machine learning methods were used to train and test sleep-wake classifiers, using data from consumer wearables. Quality of classifications derived from devices were compared. RESULTS: For epoch-by-epoch sleep-wake performance, research devices ranged in d' between 1.771 and 1.874, with sensitivity between 0.912 and 0.982, and specificity between 0.366 and 0.647. Data from multisensor wearables were strongly correlated at an epoch-by-epoch level with reference data sources. Classifiers developed from the multisensor wearable data ranged in d' between 1.827 and 2.347, with sensitivity between 0.883 and 0.977, and specificity between 0.407 and 0.821. CONCLUSIONS: Data from multisensor consumer wearables is strongly correlated with reference devices at the epoch level and can be used to develop epoch-by-epoch models of sleep-wake rivaling existing research devices.