Influence of carbon, copper, and titanium on the impact toughness of G13L steel

1. Steel G13L has the same impact toughness with 0.84 to 1.15% C. Above 1.15% C the impact toughness decreases sharply. 2. Copper increases the impact toughness somewhat at concentrations up to 0.6%. 3. Titanium increases the impact toughness at concentrations up to 0.15%. At 0.45% Ti or higher concentrations the impact toughness is substantially reduced.