Modulating the mixed potential for developing biosensors: Direct potentiometric determination of glucose in whole, undiluted blood

Abstract The growing demand for tools to generate chemical information in decentralized settings is creating a vast range of opportunities for potentiometric sensors, since their combination of robustness, simplicity of operation and cost can hardly be rivalled by any other technique. In previous works, we have shown that the mixed potential of a Pt electrode can be controlled with analytical purposes using a coating of Nafion, thus providing a way to develop a potentiometric biosensor for glucose. Unfortunately, the linear range of this device did not match the relevant clinical range for glucose in blood. This work presents a novel strategy to control the mixed potential that allows the development of a potentiometric biosensor for the direct detection of glucose in whole, undiluted blood without any sample pretreatment. By changing the ionomer, the analytical response can be tuned, shifting the linear range while keeping the sensitivity. Aquivion, a polyelectrolyte from the same family as Nafion, is used to stabilize the mixed potential of a platinized paper-based electrode, to entrap the enzyme and to reduce the interference from negatively charged species. Factors affecting the generation of the signal and the principle of detection are discussed. Optimization of the biosensor composition was achieved with particular focus on the characterization of the linear range and sensitivity. The accurate measurement of blood sugar levels in a single drop of whole blood with excellent recovery is presented.