Effects of stage structure on coexistence: mixed benefits

The properties of competition models where all individuals are identical are relatively well-understood; however, juveniles and adults can experience or generate competition differently. We study here structured competition models in discrete time that allow multiple life history parameters to depend on adult or juvenile population densities. While the properties of such models are less well-known, a numerical study with Ricker density-dependence suggested that when competition coefficients acting on juvenile survival and fertility reflect opposite competitive hierarchies, stage structure could foster coexistence. We revisit and expand those results using models more amenable to mathematical analysis. First, through a Beverton-Holt two-species juvenile-adult model, we obtain analytical expressions explaining how this coexistence emerging from life-history complexity can occur. Second, we show using a community-level sensitivity analysis that such emergent coexistence is robust to perturbations of parameter values. Finally, we ask whether these results extend from two to many species, using simulations. We show that they do not, as coexistence emerging from life-history complexity is only seen for very similar life-history parameters. Such emergent coexistence is therefore not likely to be a key mechanism of coexistence in very diverse ecosystems.