Mincle signaling exacerbates acetaminophen-induced liver injury by promoting Kupffer cell activation in mice.

Overdose of acetaminophen (APAP) has become one of the most reasons to induce acute liver failure. Macrophage-inducible C-type lectin (Mincle) acts as a key moderator in immune responses by recognizing spliceosome associated protein 130 (SAP130), which is an endogenous ligand released by necrotic cells. This study aims to explore the function of Mincle in APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. Wild-type (WT) and Mincle knockout (KO) mice were used to induce acute liver injury by injection of APAP. The hepatic expressions of Mincle, SAP130, and Mincle signaling intermediate (Syk) were markedly up-regulated following the APAP challenge. Mincle KO mice showed attenuated injury in the liver, as shown by reduced pathological lesions, decreased ALT and AST levels, down-regulated levels of inflammatory cytokines, and decreased neutrophil infiltration. Consistently, inhibition of Syk signaling by GS9973 alleviated APAP hepatotoxicity. Most importantly, Kupffer cells (KCs) were found as the major cellular source of Mincle. The depletion of KCs abolished the detrimental role of Mincle, and the adoptive transfer of WT KC to Mincle KO mice partially reversed the hyporesponsiveness to hepatotoxicity induced by APAP. Furthermore, the expression levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and neutrophil-attractant CXC chemokines were substantially lower in KCs isolated from APAP-treated Mincle KO mice compared with those from WT mice. Similar results were found in primary Mincle KO KCs treated with a ligand of Mincle (trehalose-6, 6-dibehenate, TDB) or in conditioned media obtained from APAP-treated hepatocytes. Collectively, Mincle can regulate the inflammatory response of KCs, which is necessary for the complete progression of hepatotoxicity induced by APAP. Significance Statement Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is becoming a main reason to induce drug-induced acute liver damage in the developed world. This study showed that macrophage-inducible C-type lectin (Mincle) deletion or inhibition of Mincle downstream signaling attenuate APAP hepatotoxicity. Furthermore, Mincle as a modulator of Kupffer cell activation contributes to the full process of hepatotoxicity induced by APAP. This mechanism will offer valuable insights to overcome the limitation of APAP hepatotoxicity treatment.