Evaluation of chalcone derivatives as photosynthesis and plant growth inhibitors.

We report the evaluation of chalcone derivatives as photosystem II (PSII) and plant growth inhibitors. Chalcone derivatives were evaluated as PSII inhibitors through Chl a fluorescence measurement. ( E )-chalcone ( 6a ) and ( E )-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one ( 6j ) showed the best results, reducing the performance index on absorption basis parameter (PI abs ) by 70%. Additionally, the decrease of TR 0 /RC and ET 0 /RC parameters indicates that the chalcone derivatives limited the number of active PSII reaction centres and the amount of trapped energy within them. Compounds 6a and 6j both act as post-emergent herbicides at 50 µM, reducing the root biomass of the Ipomoea grandifolia weed by 72% and 83%, respectively, corroborating the fluorescence results. The selectivity against weeds as compared to valuable crops by compounds 6a and 6j were evaluated employing Zea mays and Phaseolus vulgaris plants. In these, our newly synthesized compounds showed no effects on biomass accumulation of roots and aerial parts when compared to the control, providing valuable evidence for the role of these compounds as selective inhibitors of the growth of undesired weeds.