Study of scanning tunneling microscopy images and probable relaxations of the SrTiO3(100) surface by electronic structure calculations

Abstract Partial electron density plots were calculated for a model SrTiO 3 (100) surface with √5 × √5 ordered oxygen vacancy to examine why the bright spots of the scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images of SrTiO 3 (100) observed in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) correspond to the oxygen vacancy sites. Possible dependence of the image on the polarity and magnitude of the bias voltage was also discussed on the basis of partial electron density plot calculations. Our study strongly suggests that the UHV STM imaging involves the lowest-lying d-block level of every two Ti 3+ centers adjacent to an oxygen vacancy, the tip-sample distance involved in the UHV STM experiments is substantially larger than that involved in typical ambient-condition STM imaging, and the Ti 4+ and Ti 3+ sites of SrTiO 3 (100) are reconstructed.