Better calibration of cloud parameterizations and subgrid effects increases the fidelity of E3SM Atmosphere Model version 1

The model tuning was supported as part of the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) project [https://dx.doi.org/10.11578/E3SM/dc.20180418.36], funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research, Earth System Model Development (ESMD) program area. The analyses of effective radiative forcing and aerosol-cloud interactions were supported by the Enabling Aerosol-cloud interactions at GLobal convection-permitting scalES (EAGLES) project, funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research, Earth System Model Development program area. The development and evaluation of gustiness effects over land were supported as part of the Integrated Cloud, Land-Surface, and Aerosol System Study (ICLASS) science focus area, funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research, Atmospheric System Research (ASR) program. The development of cloud and boundary layer diagnostics was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research, Regional and Global Model Analysis (RGMA) program area. This research used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science User Facility operated under Contract No. DEAC02-05CH11231. This research also used a high-performance computing cluster provided by the Office of Biological and Environmental Research Earth System Model Development program area and operated by the Laboratory Computing Resource Center at Argonne National Laboratory. The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is operated for the U.S. Department of Energy by Battelle Memorial Institute under contract DE-AC05-76RL01830. Work at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory was performed under the auspices of the U. S. DOE by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract No. DE-AC52-07NA27344. Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-mission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525. This paper describes objective technical results and analysis. Any subjective views or opinions that might be expressed in the paper do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Department of Energy or the United States Government.