The Force Feedback Microscope : an AFM for soft condensed matter

Since its invention in 1986, the atomic force microscopes (AFMs) have been powerful tools for the characterization of materials and material properties at the nanoscale. The present thesis focuses on the measurement of the interaction between an AFM probe and a surface. A new AFM technique called Force Feedback Microscopy (FFM) has been developed and applied to the study of biological specimens. The central principle of the FFM is that the average total force acting on the tip is maintained equal to zero. It means that, in presence of a tip-sample interaction, a counteracting force has to be applied to the tip by a feedback loop. We apply a counteracting force to the tip by displacing the cantilever base with a small piezoelectric element. The feedback loop avoids mechanical instabilities such as jump to contact allowing the complete measurement of the interaction force. Moreover it is possible to simultaneously measure the elastic and inelasticcomponents of the interaction.The technique has been applied to the study of interactions at the solid/gas interface with a particular interest to the observation of the nucleation and rupture of capillary condensates between the tip and the sample. At the solid/liquid interface, complete DLVO force curves are characterized elastically and inelastically.We developed new AFM imaging modes for the study of biomolecules. Images of phospholipids and DNA at constant force have been acquired and the mechanical Young modulus of the samples has been evaluated when possible. In addition, a spectroscopic study of the elasticity and the damping factor of the interaction between living cells and the tip has been carried out. The study reveals that the FFM is an instrument capable of measuring the interaction at frequencies which are not necessarily linked to the cantilever eigenmodes. The spectroscopy study could have in the future important applications on the study of biomolecules and polymers.