Radius and ulna

Fractures of the radius and ulna are common in athletes and typically occur by falling on an outstretched hand (FOOSH). Diaphyseal fractures are less common than distal radius and ulna fractures, but both can be diagnosed by radiographs. Displacement and angulation of forearm fractures are not well tolerated and may require surgery. Athletes with forearm fractures who are managed without surgery typically require 8 weeks of immobilization and can return to sports around 12–16 weeks. In addition, athletes with forearm fractures may have associated injuries to the distal radioulnar joint. Fractures to the distal radius and ulna are much more common in athletes. After an initial period of splinting, athletes typically remain immobilized in a cast for 6–8 weeks as long as the fracture remains stable and in good alignment. In pediatric patients, angulation and displacement are better tolerated than in adults as children have increased potential for remodeling. Radiocarpal and ulnocarpal joint dislocations are very uncommon in sports and typically occur only in very high-energy accidents. Most patients require surgical management as there is a high risk of long-term instability after these injuries.