Quantitative Relationships between Soil Macropore Characteristics and Preferential Flow and Transport

Quantitative relationships between soil structure, especially macropore characteristics, and soil hydraulic properties are essential to improving our ability to predict fl ow and transport in structured soils. Th e objectives of this study were to quantitatively relate macropore characteristics to saturated hydraulic conductivity (K sat ) and dispersivity (λ) and to identify major macropore characteristics useful for estimating soil hydraulic properties under saturated condition. Large intact soil columns were taken from two land uses (cropland and pasture) of the same soil type (a Typic Hapludalf ), with four replicates for each land use. Th e soil columns were scanned using X-ray computed tomography (CT) to obtain macropore parameters including macroporosity, length density, mean tortuosity, network density, hydraulic radius, path number, node density, and mean angle. Th e K sat of the whole soil column, as well as each soil horizon within the column, and solute breakthrough curve (BTC) of CaBr 2 were determined for each column. For all eight soil columns studied, macroporosity and path number (the number of independent macropore paths between two boundaries) explained 71 to 75% of the variability in the natural logarithm of K sat values of the whole soil columns as well as of individual soil horizons. Th e traditional convection–dispersion equation (equilibrium model) simulated the BTCs well for all soil columns except one with an earthworm hole passing through the entire column, for which the two-region model (non-equilibrium model) was required. Th e path number, hydraulic radius, and macropore angle were the best predictors for λ, explaining 97% of its variability. Correlation between λ of the whole soil columns and K sat values of the Bt horizons (but not A horizons) implied that the dispersivity was mainly controlled by the horizon with the lowest K sat in the soil columns. Th ese results indicate that the most useful macropore parameters for predicting fl ow and transport under saturated condition in structured soils included macroporosity, path number, hydraulic radius, and macropore angle.