A three-dimensional finite element model of the human ankle: development and preliminary application to axial impulsive loading

A three-dimensional finite element model of the human ankle has been developed. This model represents the basic components of a 50th percentile human ankle. It involves all the bones of the foot up to the distal tibia/fibula and contains the soft tissues of the foot planar surface along with the most of the ankle joint ligaments and retinacula. The model is stabilized by the natural anatomical geometry and the ligamentous structure. It demonstrates its capacity to replicate the dynamic response. Global responses of output acceleration and force time histories are obtained and compared favorably with experimental data.