What to expect from immediate salvage hysterectomy following concomitant chemoradiation and image-guided adaptive brachytherapy in locally advanced cervical cancer.

Abstract Purpose Concomitant chemoradiation followed by brachytherapy is the standard treatment for locally advanced cervical cancers. The place of adjuvant hysterectomy remains unclear but tends to be limited to incomplete responses to radiotherapy or local relapse. The aim was to analyse the benefit from immediate salvage surgery following radiation therapy in incomplete responders. Methods Among the patients with locally advanced cervical cancer treated with concomitant chemoradiation followed by 3D image-guided adaptive brachytherapy and hysterectomy, cases with genuine macroscopic remnant, defined as at least 1 cm in width, were identified. Their clinical data and outcomes were retrospectively reviewed and compared to the patients treated with the same modalities. Results Fifty-eight patients were included, with a median follow-up of 4.2 years. After hysterectomy, 9 patients had macroscopic residual disease, 10 microscopic and the remaining 39 patients were considered in complete histological response. The 4-year overall survival and disease-free survival rates were significantly decreased in patients with macroscopic residual disease: 50 and 51% versus 92% and 93%, respectively. Intestinal grades 3–4 toxicities were reported in 10.4% and urinary grades 3–4 in 8.6% in the whole population without distinctive histological features. Planning aims were reached in only one patient with macroscopic residuum (11.1%). In univariate analysis, overall treatment time (> 55 days) and histological subtype (adenocarcinomas or adenosquamous carcinomas) appeared to be significant predictive factors for macroscopic remnant after treatment completion ( P  = 0.021 and P  = 0.017, respectively). In multivariate analysis, treatment time was the only independent factor ( P  = 0.046, odds ratio = 7.0). Conclusions Although immediate salvage hysterectomy in incomplete responders provided a 4-year disease-free survival of 51%, its impact on late morbidity is significant. Efforts should focus on respect of treatment time and dose escalation. Adenocarcinoma might require higher high-risk clinical target volume planning aims.