Hydrogen Bonding Reinforced Hydrogel Electrolyte for Flexible, Robust and All-In-One Supercapacitor with Excellent Low-Temperature Tolerance.

Flexible supercapacitors are promising energy storage devices for emerging wearable electronics. However, due to the poor mechanical strength, complicated device manufacturing process and unsatisfactory low-temperature tolerance, their overall performance for practical applications is hindered. Herein we report a hydrogen bonding-reinforced, dual-crosslinked poly (vinyl alcohol), acrylic acid and H2SO4 (PVA-AA-S) hydrogel electrolyte for all-in-one flexible supercapacitors. The PVA-AA-S hydrogel demonstrates excellent compressive/tensile properties and high ionic conductivity. It tolerates a compressive stress of 0.53 MPa and is stretchable up to 500%. The PVA-AA-S hydrogel-based all-in-one supercapacitor shows promising electrochemical performance under various harsh conditions. The device energy density and power density reach up to 14.2 µWh cm-2 and 0.94 mW cm-2, respectively. Furthermore, it retains nearly 80% capacitance after being stored at -35 ℃ for 23 days. The excellent performance of the hydrogel electrolyte originates from its abundant strong hydrogen bonding between the polymer chains and water molecules.