Towards Effective and Safe Thrombolysis and ThromboprophylaxisNovelty and Significance

Rationale: Fibrinolysis is a valuable alternative for the treatment of myocardial infarction when percutaneous coronary intervention is not available in a timely fashion. For acute ischemic stroke, fibrinolysis is the only treatment option with a very narrow therapeutic window. Clinically approved thrombolytics have significant drawbacks, including bleeding complications. Thus their use is highly restricted, leaving many patients untreated. Objective: We developed a novel targeted fibrinolytic drug that is directed against activated platelets. Methods and Results: We fused single-chain urokinase plasminogen activator (scuPA) to a small recombinant antibody (scFvSCE5), which targets the activated form of the platelet–integrin glycoprotein IIb/IIIa. Antibody binding and scuPA activity of this recombinant fusion protein were on par with the parent molecules. Prophylactic in vivo administration of scFvSCE5–scuPA (75 U/g body weight) prevented carotid artery occlusion after ferric chloride injury in a plasminogen-dependent process compared with saline ( P <0.001), and blood flow recovery was similar to high-dose nontargeted urokinase (500 U/g body weight). Tail bleeding time was significantly prolonged with this high dose of nontargeted urokinase, but not with equally effective targeted scFvSCE5–scuPA at 75 U/g body weight. Real-time in vivo molecular ultrasound imaging demonstrates significant therapeutic reduction of thrombus size after administration of 75 U/g body weight scFvSCE5–scuPA as compared with the same dose of a mutated, nontargeting scFv–scuPA or vehicle. The ability of scFvSCE5–scuPA to lyse thrombi was lost in plasminogen-deficient mice, but could be restored by intravenous injection of plasminogen. Conclusions: Targeting of scuPA to activated glycoprotein IIb/IIIa allows effective thrombolysis and the potential novel use as a fibrinolytic agent for thromboprophylaxis without bleeding complications. # Novelty and Significance {#article-title-48}