Motion robust respiratory‐resolved 3D radial flow MRI and its application in neonatal congenital heart disease

PURPOSE: To test and implement a motion-robust and respiratory-resolved 3D Radial Flow framework that addresses the need for rapid, high resolution imaging in neonatal patients with congenital heart disease. METHODS: A 4-point velocity encoding and 3D radial trajectory with double-golden angle ordering was combined with bulk motion correction (from projection center of mass) and respiration phase detection (from principal component analysis of heartbeat-averaged data) to create motion-robust 3D velocity cardiac time-averaged data. This framework was tested in a whole-chest digital phantom with simulated bulk and realistic physiological motion. In vivo imaging was performed in 20 congenital heart disease infants under feed-and-sleep with submillimeter isotropic resolution in ~3 min. Flows were validated against clinical 2D PCMRI and whole-heart visualizations of blood flow were performed. RESULTS: The proposed framework resolved all simulated digital phantom motion states (mean +/- standard error: rotation - azimuthal = 0.29 +/- 0.02 degrees ; translation - Ty = 1.29 +/- 0.12 mm, Tz = -0.27 +/- 0.13 mm; rotation+translation - polar = 0.49 +/- 0.16 degrees , Tx = -2.47 +/- 0.51 mm, Tz = 5.78 +/- 1.33 mm). Measured timing errors of peak expiration across all signal-to-noise ratio values were 22% of the true respiratory period (range = [404-489 +/- 298-334] ms). For in vivo imaging, motion correction improved 3D Radial Flow measurements (no correction: R(2) = 0.62, root mean square error = 0.80 L/min/m(2) , Bland-Altman bias [limits of agreement] = -0.21 [-1.40, 0.94] L/min/m(2) ; motion corrected, expiration: R(2) = 0.90, root mean square error = 0.46 L/min/m(2) , bias [limits of agreement] = 0.06 [-0.49, 0.62] L/min/m(2) ). Respiratory-resolved 3D velocity visualizations were achieved in various neonatal pathologies pre- and postsurgical correction. CONCLUSION: 3D cardiac flow may be visualized and accurately quantified in neonatal subjects using the proposed framework. This technique may enable more comprehensive hemodynamic studies in small infants.