Central pontine myelinolysis and osmotic demyelination syndrome

Background Osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS), which embraces central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) and extrapontine myelinosis (EPM), is often underdiagnosed in clinical practice, but can be fatal. In this article, we review the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of ODS.