Legal restrictions and solutions for local solar pv markets in the Netherlands

In the Netherlands, household end-users of electricity face several legal restrictions related to the use of their solar photovoltaic installation. The three main restrictions are the demands of the license of supply, unclarity as to program responsibility and regulated distribution tariffs. This paper analyzes these legal challenges further in order to suggest possible solutions. To this end, it investigates to what extent national legal provisions provide restrictions in four different cases of local solar markets, how these cases differ and what the implications of these differences are. Based on the obtained results, the paper explores three possible solutions the mentioned to legal restrictions: a supply license light, a system for local distribution and balancing, and different tax structures.