Micropollutants related to human activity in groundwater resources in Barbados, West Indies

Abstract Several micropollutants, including caffeine, artificial sweeteners, pharmaceuticals, steroid hormones and a current-use pesticide were analyzed in water samples collected from five groundwater pumping stations in Barbados. The presence of caffeine and three artificial sweeteners (i.e. acesulfame, sucralose, saccharin) in groundwater samples indicated that groundwater was being contaminated by infiltration of wastewater into the karst aquifer. An estrogen (i.e. estrone), three pharmaceuticals (i.e. carbamazepine, trimethoprim, ibuprofen) and a transformation product of the fungicide, chlorothalonil (i.e. 4-hydroxychlorothalonil) were also detected at ng/L concentrations in groundwater collected from two or more pumping sites. The concentrations of carbamazepine and trimethoprim were correlated with the concentrations of caffeine (R 2 values of 0.70 to 0.80), indicating pharmaceutical contamination of groundwater by infiltration from domestic wastewater. The concentrations of caffeine were generally higher in groundwater samples collected in June during the wet season relative to the concentrations in samples collected in February during the dry season, indicating that infiltration of contaminants is higher during periods of heavy rainfall. Rapid rates of degradation and relatively slow rates of infiltration may explain why several target analytes were not detected in groundwater. Elevated concentrations of 4-hydroxychlorothalonil > 0.1 μg/L in samples collected at two of the monitoring sites warrant further studies on the sources and the distribution of this compound and other pesticides used in agriculture and for turf-treatment (e.g. golf courses). Overall, more data are needed in order to implement mitigation strategies that are effective in reducing chemical contamination in groundwater in Barbados.