Engineering xylose metabolism in yeasts to produce biofuels and chemicals.

Xylose is the second most abundant sugar in lignocellulosic biomass. Efficient and rapid xylose utilization is essential for the economic bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass into value-added products. Building on previous pathway engineering efforts to enable xylose fermentation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, recent work has focused on reprogramming regulatory networks to enhance xylose utilization by engineered S. cerevisiae. Also, potential benefits of using xylose for the production of various value-added products have been demonstrated. With increasing needs of lipid-derived bioproducts, activation and enhancement of xylose metabolism in oleaginous yeasts have been attempted. This review highlights recent progress of metabolic engineering to achieve efficient and rapid xylose utilization by S. cerevisiae and oleaginous yeasts, such as Yarrowia lipolytica, Rhodosporidium toruloides, and Lipomyces starkeyi.