Pulse Parabolic Equation Method for Loran-C ASF Prediction Over Irregular Terrain

We previously introduced an efficient parabolic equation (PE) method to solve the Loran-C additional secondary factors (ASFs) in the presence of irregular terrain. However, traditional PE analysis, based on the approximation of a narrowband Loran-C source to a 100 kHz sinusoidal source, is not sufficient for realistic Loran-C ASF prediction. In this letter, a pulse PE method is employed to further improve the accuracy of the Loran-C ASF prediction over irregular terrain. The main idea of this approach is that it converts the time-domain wave propagation problems to the frequency-domain wave propagation ones, which can be solved by the traditional PE solution. Numerical examples illustrate the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method.