Surplus Education and Earnings Differentials in Pakistan: A Quantile Regression Analysis

This study empirically investigates the effect of surplus education on the earnings distribution in Pakistan using quantile regression. The method of realized matches is used to measure the required level of education in each occupation from the Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement (PSLM) 2013-14 survey data. There is heterogeneity in returns to surplus education among overeducated workers. These returns are higher for workers at the upper half as compared to the lower half of the earnings distribution. Surplus education earns positive returns but less than the returns associated with the level of education required for jobs. Further, the difference in returns among the overeducated is higher than the difference in returns among workers who have the required education for the job. The findings imply that the surplus education factor is significant in explaining how education contributes in earnings differentials and inequality.