20 Years of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Research: It All Started with Five Lines

November 2018 marks the 20 th anniversary of the seminal human embryonic stem cell (hESC) publication, which reported the initial hESC derivations and launched the field of human pluripotent stem cell research. To commemorate this significant milestone, we reflect on the scientific, economic, and clinically relevant impact of this groundbreaking achievement.