Regulation of tissue-type plasminogen activator concentrations by clearance via the mannose receptor and other receptors

Summary This review describes the identity, tissue distribution, ligands and functions of the mannose receptor and other tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) clearance receptors like the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP). The receptor binding sites of t-PA and the corresponding t-PA binding sites of the receptors are summarized, and recently developed inhibitors of t-PA clearance are described. The contribution of the receptors to the systemic clearance of t-PA, and (patho) physiological conditions that may influence receptor expression, t-PA clearance and plasma t-PA concentrations are evaluated. Furthermore, the potential use of mannose receptor inhibitors in thrombolytic and antithrombotic therapy is discussed.