Gender Differences in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1: Implications for Screening?

Background: Some gender-related differences have been reported in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), although not all reports are conclusive. This systematic review with analysis of the own MEN1 cohort evaluates gender differences and potential consequences for screening. Methods: A systematic review of the literature between 1990 and 2019 with the search terms "MEN1" or "multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1" and "gender" or "sex" was performed. In addition, the prospectively collected data of a genetically confirmed MEN1 cohort of the Philipps University Marburg were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Review of the literature identified five retrospective case series with original data of 1,057 MEN1 patients. One series suggested a higher frequency of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN), especially gastrinomas, in men (61 vs. 54%) and a higher frequency of pituitary tumors in women (47 vs. 30%), but others did not. Only thymic NEN occurred predominantly in men throughout all studies. Women with MEN1 were found to have an increased risk of breast cancer. In the own series consisting of 116 MEN1 patients (male = 58, female = 58), thymic lesions were also more frequently detected in male patients (male = 5, female = 1). No gender difference was found with regard to the other manifestations. Conclusion: Regarding the typical MEN1 tumor manifestations, gender-adapted diagnostic and therapeutic approaches cannot be recommended. Female MEN1 patients should be encouraged to participate in breast cancer screening programs.