The inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide can be mitigated by short chain fatty acid, butyrate, through up-regulation of IL-10 in septic shock

Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) with the anti-inflammatory capacity are produced by intestinal bacteria, however, their effect on the acute systematical inflammation remains unclear. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of SCFAs, acetate, propionate and butyrate, on septic shock and the underlying mechanism. The LPS–induced septic model was used to evaluate the function of SCFAs by survival rate observation. Only butyrate, but not acetate or propionate, significantly decrease the mortality of septic mice. At 2h and 6h of LPS administration, the levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in plasma were measured by ELISA to estimate the effects of butyrate pretreatment on excessive inflammation. And the anti-inflammatory mediators including TGF-β, IL-10 and LXT4 in plasma were detected for further mechanism study in septic mice. Moreover, the murine macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells were stimulated by LPS to further confirm the finding in vivo. Pretreatment with butyrate led to significant attenuation of the LPS-induced elevation of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β levels. However, when detecting the anti-inflammatory factors, a significant increase of IL-10, but not TGF-β or LXT4 was shown in butyrate pretreated group. Pretreatment RAW 264.7 cells with butyrate led to down-regulation of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory mediators, IL-6 and IL-1β, but did not affect the level of TNF-α, and increased IL-10 (P<0.01). In conclusion, SCFA butyrate significantly attenuated the inflammation against sepsis through up-regulation of anti-inflammatory IL-10. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.