Safety evaluation of combination CCNU and continuous toceranib phosphate (Palladia®) in tumour‐bearing dogs: a phase I dose‐finding study

While maintaining a standard toceranib dosage [2.75 mg kg−1, PO, every other day (EOD)], three dose-escalating CCNU cohorts up to and including 60 mg m−2, PO, q3wk, were completed. The dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) for the combination were neutropenia and the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) for CCNU when given with continuous toceranib was determined to be 50 mg m−2, q3wk. While activity is not a primary objective of phase I trials, we observed one complete (lymphoma) and four partial responses (lymphoma, sarcoma, undifferentiated carcinoma and prostatic carcinoma) and two dogs experienced stable disease for >6 weeks [gastric adenocarcinoma and metastatic multilobulated osteochondrosarcoma (MLO)] for an objective response rate of 38.4% and a biological response rate of 53.8%. Concurrent continuous toceranib (2.75 mg kg−1, EOD) and pulse dose CCNU (50 mg m−2, q3wk) was well tolerated. Phase II effectiveness and phase III prospective randomized trials should further interrogate the potential activity of this combination.