Menopause as a Manifestation of Aging

Abstract This chapter explores the intersection of somatic aging with the effects of hormone-mediated ovarian aging. Menopause, which begins the year after the final menstrual period, marks the loss of ovarian function in female patients. In many aspects of health, from the cardiometabolic system to bone mineral density, this loss of estrogen amplifies the aging process. This chapter provides an overview of the menopause transition and the effects of estrogen deprivation on cardiovascular, metabolic, bone, cognition, and mood. The most recent trials studying the effects of hormone replacement therapy are included. We also provide an overview of hormonal, nonhormonal, and nonpharmacologic therapies for the treatment of menopause-related symptoms.