Calculating emission control scenarios and their costs in the RAINS model: Recent experience and future needs

Methodology of calculating emission control scenarios and their costs with the RAINS model is described. Aggregation of emission sources and control technologies is discussed. The model considers acidification and eutrophication of ecosystems as well as formation of tropospheric ozone. Pollutants included are sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), nitrogen oxides (NO x ), ammonia (NH 3 ), and non-methane volatile organic compounds (VOC). Recent applications of the model in policy studies have shown that the model is an efficient tool for the integrated assessment of multi-pollutant, multi-effect strategies to control transboundary air pollutants in Europe. Future extensions should concentrate on incorporating fine particles into the model.