Nonantimicrobial aspects of therapy.

Current therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is symptomatic, and no treatments prevent the progression of the disease. Stopping smoking is the only effective approach, and this may be facilitated by nicotine replacement and bupropion. Treatment with short- and long-acting inhaled β 2 -agonists and anticholinergics are the mainstay of therapy. Inhaled corticosteroids have no impact on disease progression, and the small reduction in exacerbations may not justify the potential systemic side effects. Supplementary oxygen therapy is indicated for acute exacerbations and chronic hypoxia. Other treatments, including mucolytics, vaccines, and respiratory stimulants are of little value. Nonpharmacological measures that are useful include pulmonary rehabilitation, exercise, good nutrition, and, in selected cases, surgery. Several new classes of drug are now in development, including mediator antagonists (leukotriene B 4 , interleukin-8 antagonists, and anti-oxidants) and nonsteroid antiinflammatory drugs, of which phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors look the most promising. There is a pressing need for a better understanding of the underlying disease process to develop more logical therapies.