Studies on muscular dystrophy: A comparison by physical and chemical means of the normal human ATP-creatine transphosphorylases (creatine kinases) with those from tissues of duchenne muscular dystrophy

Abstract The four human Duchenne dystrophic isoenzymes (M-M, M-B, B-B, from the muscle and B-B from the brain) of ATP-creatine transphosphorylase (S. A. Kuby, H. J. Keutel, K. Okabe, H. K. Jacobs, F. Ziter, D. Gerber, and F. H. Tyler, 1977, J. Biol. Chem. 252 , 8382–8390) have now been compared physically and chemically with their normal human counterparts ( viz ., with the three isoenzymes, M-M, M-B, B-B, 2). All isoenzymes proved to be composed of two noncovalently linked polypeptide chains, by sedimentation equilibrium analyses in the presence and absence of disruptive agents. In the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol at 0.16(Γ/2), pH 7.8, the two native muscle types yielded identical values for s 20,w , concentration dependencies, and molecular weight, and similarly for the brain types (from the brain). But the human brain type proved to be slightly heavier than the muscle type ( viz . 88,400 vs 85,900). All of the isoenzymes showed similar electrophoretic behavior between their several counterparts between pH 5–8, except perhaps between pH 8–10, where small differences appeared. The three native normal human isoenzymes, as well as the dystrophic human isoenzymes (M-M from the muscle and B-B from the brain) all contain 2 reactive sulfhydryl groups per mole or 1 per polypeptide chain of these two-chain proteins, which may be titrated with 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (Nbs 2 ); and under acidic conditions, quantitative titrations with 4,4′-dithiodipyridine yield a total of 10 -SH groups per mole of each brain type and 8 -SH groups per mole of muscle type, in the case of man, dystrophic man, calf, and rabbit. The kinetics of reactions between Nbs 2 and the sulfhydryl groups of all three normal human isoenzymes and two dystrophic human isoenzymes have been measured under several sets of denaturing conditions. A comparison of their reactive calculated second-order velocity constants reveal significant differences between these three normal human isoenzymes, but the k second order values for the reactions of the sulfhydryl groups of the dystrophic M-M and B-B with Nbs 2 , when compared with their normal counterparts, gave identical values in the presence of 7.3 m urea or 1.8% laurylsulfate, from which it may be inferred that very similar, if not identical, environments surround these two sets of sulfhydryl groups. A comparison of the amino acid compositions of the normal human muscle type and brain type with the human dystrophic M-M and B-B (from the brain) reveal essentially identical values for the muscle types but nearly identical values for the brain types, with a few differences. Their respective tryptic peptide maps have been compared of the S -carboxy-methylated proteins (alkylated with iodo[2- 14 C]acetic acid at the two exposed -SH groups per mole). Thus, the muscle types, normal and dystrophic, yield identical maps, but the brain types nearly identical maps, with a few significant differences . Isolation of the tryptic tridecapeptide from the S -carboxymethylated normal human and dystrophic human dimeric muscle-type ATP-creatine transphosphorylases, labeled at the single exposed SH group per polypeptide chain with iodo[2- 14 C]acetate, yielded the following sequence for both proteins: ValLeuThrCys(CH 2 COOH)ProSerAsnLeuGlyThr GlyLeuArg [where Cys(CH 2 COOH) is S -carboxymethyl cysteine]. This sequence showed remarkable homology with a few other equivalent peptides reported to be derived from the exposed SH group of other ATP-creatine transphosphorylases. In conclusion, there does not appear to be a mutation in the structural genes for the muscle-type creatine kinases detectable by the analyses presented here. However, the brain types warrant further investigation.