Assessing helpful and harmful family and friend involvement in adults’ type 2 diabetes self-management

Abstract Objective: Develop and evaluate a measure assessing helpful and harmful family/friends’ involvement in adults’ type 2 diabetes (T2D) self-management. Methods: Prior mixed-methods research, cognitive interviews, and expert input informed measure development. We administered the measure in two studies (N = 392 and N = 512) to evaluate its factor structure, internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, and construct, criterion and predictive validity. Results: Analyses supported a two-factor solution: helpful and harmful involvement with internal consistency reliability α = .86 and .72, respectively. Three-month test-retest reliability was rho = 0.64 for helpful and rho = 0.61 for harmful (both p p p p Conclusion: The Family and Friend Involvement in Adults’ Diabetes (FIAD) is a reliable and valid measure assessing family/friend involvement in adults’ T2D. Practice implications: FIAD use can inform interventions to improve social contexts in which adults manage diabetes.