Optimization of Carriers and Adjuvants a Model Study Using Semliki Forest Virus Infection of Mice

Advances in molecular biology and chemistry, like genetic engineering (recombinant DNA technique), sequence analysis of DNA and the automated chemical synthesis of oligopeptides, have made it possible to develop alternative vaccines (Table 1). Combined with immunological methods, these techniques allow the prior identification of protein(s) and determinants on proteins (epitopes) that are effective in triggering a protective immune response against the whole pathogen, as well as the large scale production of the protein or peptide identified as a potential vaccine. These developments are further supported by the search for suitable adjuvants, that will enhance the immunogenicity of nonreplicating vaccines without being toxic themselves.