A Comparison of the Learning Curves of Laparoscopic Liver Surgeons in Differing Stages of the IDEAL Paradigm of Surgical Innovation: Standing on the Shoulders of Pioneers

Objective:To compare the learning curves of the self-taught “pioneers” of laparoscopic liver surgery (LLS) with those of the trained “early adopters” in terms of short- and medium-term patient outcomes to establish if the learning curve can be reduced with specific training.Summary of Background Dat