Integration of Psychosocial and Chemical Stressors in Risk Assessment

Abstract Numerous papers have highlighted the need for Cumulative Risk Assessments (CRAs) that evaluate the impacts of multiple chemical and non-chemical stressors on human health [ 1 , 2 ]. Non-chemical stressors represent a diverse suite of factors (e.g., social and economic adversity) that are only beginning to be explored in risk assessment [ 3 ]. Approaches incorporating both chemical and non-chemical stressors are critical for better understanding relative contributions of real-world stressors and developing effective intervention strategies. However, moving from traditional single chemical evaluations to cumulative risk assessments presents multiple challenges.