Avian Influenza H5N1: Risks at the Human–Animal Interface:

BackgroundGreat concern has arisen over the continued infection of humans with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) of the H5N1 subtype. Ongoing human exposure potentially increases the risk that a pandemic virus strain will emerge that is easily transmissible among humans. Although the pathogenicity of a pandemic strain cannot be predicted, the high mortality seen in documented H5N1 human infections thus far has raised the level of concern.ObjectivesTo define the three types of influenza that can affect humans, discuss potential exposure risks at the human–animal interface, and suggest ways to reduce exposure and help prevent development of a pandemic virus.MethodsThis review is based on data and guidelines available from the World Health Organization, the scientific literature, and official governmental reports.ResultsEpidemiological data on human exposure risk are generally incomplete. Transmission of HPAI to humans is thought to occur through contact with respiratory secretions, feces, contaminate...