The Billion-Dollar Fix Safe Modular Circular Initialisation with Placeholders and Placeholder Types

Programmers often need to initialise circular structures of objects. Ini- tialisation should be safe (so that programs can never suffer null pointer exceptions or otherwise observe uninitialised values) and modular (so that each part of the circular structure can be written and compiled separately). Unfortunately, existing languages do not support modular circular initialisation: programmers in practical languages resort to Tony Hoare's "Billion Dollar Mistake": initialising variables with nulls, and then hoping to fix them up afterward. While recent research lan- guages have offered some solutions, none fully support safe modular circular initialisation. We present placeholders, a straightforward extension to object-oriented lan- guages that describes circular structures simply, directly, and modularly. In typed languages, placeholders can be described by placeholder types that ensure place- holders are used safely. We define an operational semantics for placeholders, a type system for placeholder types, and prove soundness. Incorporating placeholders into object-oriented languages should make programs simultaneously simpler to write, and easier to write correctly.