Surface Structure Analysis of Initial High-Temperature Oxidation of SS441 Stainless Steel.

Chromia-forming ferritic stainless steel (FSS) is a highly promising interconnect material for application in solid oxide fuel cells. In this study, initial oxidation of chromium oxides was performed at 500–800 °C to understand the evolution of materials at an early stage. The structural variations in oxide scales were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), laser confocal microscopy (LSCM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy. Surface electrochemical properties were investigated through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to understand how the heat treatment temperature affected surface impedance. Treatment temperatures higher than 700 °C facilitate the diffusion of Cr and Mn, thus allowing ferritic spinels to form on the surface and leading to high electrical conductivity.