Administration of a High-Dose Erythropoietin-Stimulating Agent in Hemodialysis Patients is Associated with Late Arteriovenous Fistula Failure

Purpose Investigating the risk of vascular access failure is critical for maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. Erythropoietin stimulating agents (ESA) typically used for anemia of chronic kidney disease (CKD) may also stimulate neointimal hyperplasia, which is the most important factor in late arteriovenous fistula (AVF) failure. The aim of this study was to investigate whether ESA treatment is associated with late AVF failure.