The Effects of Gender and Power Distance on Nonverbal Immediacy in Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Power Conditions: A Cross-Cultural Study of Classrooms and Friendships

Abstract This study assessed the association of nonverbal immediacy, gender, and relational power in Brazil, Kenya, and the United States. Five hundred and eight students completed questionnaires on nonverbal immediacy of either their best friend (symmetrical power condition) or an instructor (asymmetrical power condition). Results revealed that women perceived more nonverbal immediacy than men in all cultures. Under symmetrical power conditions women were perceived to use more nonverbal immediacy than men, but under asymmetrical power conditions no gender difference emerged. Specific aspects of this association varied across cultures. Results partially supported cultural power as a moderating variable with regard to the use of non nonverbal immediacy.