The neurotoxic lipopeptide kalkitoxin interacts with voltage-sensitive sodium channels in cerebellar granule neurons

Abstract The marine neurotoxin kalkitoxin, a thiazoline-containing lipid derived from the pantropical marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula , was assayed for interaction with the tetrodotoxin-sensitive, voltage-sensitive sodium channel (TTX-VSSC) in cerebellar granule neuron cultures (CGN). The naturally occurring isomer of kalkitoxin (KTx-7) blocked veratridine-induced (30 μM) neurotoxicity in a concentration-dependent manner (EC 50 22.7 nM [9.5–53.9 nM, 95% confidence interval {CI}]) in CGN. Kalkitoxin was a potent inhibitor (EC 50 26.1 nM [12.3–55.0 nM, 95% CI]) of the elevation of intracellular Ca 2+ concentration [Ca 2+ ] i that accompanies exposure of CGN to veratridine. To further explore the potential interaction of KTx-7 with TTX-VSSC, we assessed the influence of KTX-7 on the binding of [ 3 H]batrachotoxin ([ 3 H]BTX) to neurotoxin site 2 on the TTX-VSSC. Although kalkitoxin was without effect on the basal binding of [ 3 H]BTX to intact crebellar granule neurons, in the presence of the positive allosteric modulator, deltamethrin, [ 3 H]BTX binding was inhibited by KTx-7 in a concentration-dependent manner (11.9 nM [IC 50  = 3.8–37.2 nM, 95% CI]). These results provide both direct and functional evidence for an interaction of kalkitoxin with the neuronal TTX-VSSC.