Peptide-Protein Conjugation and Characterization to Develop Vaccines for Group A Streptococcus.

Peptide conjugates have been widely used for developing vaccines that prevent common bacterial infections for which peptides alone are either ineffective or provide only short-term protection. Among several carrier proteins, diphtheria toxoid and CRM197 (a genetically detoxified diphtheria toxin) are considered safe and have been used in several licensed vaccines. For developing a vaccine against group A streptococcus (GAS), antigens from conserved region of M protein and the IL-8 protease, SpyCEP, have been identified. In this chapter, we describe a method for producing peptide-conjugate subunit GAS vaccines, which involves maleimide conjugation of peptides to a carrier protein and their subsequent characterization.