High Insulin Combined With Essential Amino Acids Stimulates Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis While Decreasing Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Humans

Context: Insulin and essential amino acids (EAAs) regulate skeletal muscle protein synthesis, yet their independent effects on mitochondrial protein synthesis (MiPS) and oxidative function remain to be clearly defined. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of high or low insulin with or without EAAs on MiPS. Design: Thirty participants were randomized to 3 groups of 10 each with each participant studied twice. Study groups comprised (1) low and high insulin, (2) low insulin with and without EAAs, and (3) high insulin with and without EAAs. Setting: The study was conducted in an in-patient clinical research unit. Participants: Eligible participants were 18 to 45 years old, had a body mass index of <25 kg/m2, and were free of diseases and medications that might impair mitochondrial function. Intervention: Low (∼6 μU/mL) and high (∼40 μU/mL) insulin levels were maintained by iv insulin infusion during a somatostatin clamp while maintaining euglycemia (4.7–5.2 mM) and replacing GH ...