Variations in Vital Signs in the Last Days of Life in Patients With Advanced Cancer

Abstract Context Few studies have examined variation in vital signs in the last days of life. Objectives We determined the variation of vital signs in the final two weeks of life in patients with advanced cancer and examined their association with impending death in three days. Methods In this prospective, longitudinal, observational study, we enrolled consecutive patients admitted to two acute palliative care units and documented their vital signs (heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, and temperature) twice a day serially from admission to death or discharge. Results Of 357 patients, 203 (57%) died in hospital. Systolic blood pressure ( P P P P P  = 0.22) and respiratory rate ( P  = 0.24) remained similar in the last three days. Impending death in three days was significantly associated with increased heart rate (odds ratio [OR] = 2; P  = 0.01), decreased systolic blood pressure (OR = 2.5; P  = 0.004), decreased diastolic blood pressure (OR = 2.3; P  = 0.002), and decreased oxygen saturation (OR = 3.7; P  = 0.003) from baseline readings on admission. These changes had high specificity (≥80%), low sensitivity (≤35%), and modest positive likelihood ratios (≤5) for impending death within three days. A large proportion of patients had normal vital signs in the last days of life. Conclusion Blood pressure and oxygen saturation decreased in the last days of life. Clinicians and families cannot rely on vital sign changes alone to rule in or rule out impending death. Our findings do not support routine vital signs monitoring of patients who are imminently dying.