Combining invasive and noninvasive brain stimulation

Abstract Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is just one of many ways to modulate brain circuits. Noninvasive brain stimulation tools, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation may provide insights that are relevant for understanding and improving DBS outcomes. These different brain stimulation modalities target different brain regions in different ways, but might converge on common brain circuits. Connectomics can be used to identify these brain circuits, link different brain stimulation modalities to one another, and allow insights from one stimulation modality to translate into improvements in another.